Post by 1dave on Jan 22, 2014 20:18:08 GMT -5
Heat.
Alcohol Lamp temperature:
The surface temperature of burning alcohol is around 500 ÌŠF (260 ÌŠC).
As the tip of the flame burns white and has the capacity to heat glass rods sufficient to bend them, heat steel wire to a bright orange, and just barely melt copper wire the max heat of an alcohol lamp is in the region of 1100 ÌŠC.
The temperature an object reaches depends on the size of the flame, the location in the flame, the size of the object, and how well it dissipates heat.
Flame Temperatures:
Fuel ............... Flame Temperature
alcohol lamp ............... 260-1,100 ÌŠC ..... (500-2,112 ÌŠF, air)
cigarette .................... 400-700 ÌŠC ..... (750-1,300 ÌŠF, air)
candle ......................... 1,000 ÌŠC ......... (1,800 ÌŠF, air)
blowtorch ...................... 1,300 ÌŠC ......... (2,400 ÌŠF, air)
Bunsen burner ............ 1,300-1,600 ÌŠC ....(2,400-2,900 ÌŠF, air)
ethane ..........................1,960 ÌŠC (air)
butane ..........................1,970 ÌŠC (air)
propane butane mix ..............1,970 ÌŠC (air)
oxy-hydrogen ................... 2,000 ÌŠC or more . (3,600 ÌŠF, air)
carbon monoxide ................ 2,121 ÌŠC (air)
hydrogen ....................... 2,660 ÌŠC (oxygen), 2,045 ÌŠC (air)
natural gas .................... 2,770 ÌŠC (oxygen)
methane ........................ 2,810 ÌŠC (oxygen), 1,957 ÌŠC (air)
propane ........................ 2,820 ÌŠC (oxygen), 1,980 ÌŠC (air)
propylene ....................... 2870 ÌŠC (oxygen)
MAPP ........................... 2,980 ÌŠC (oxygen)
acetylene ...................... 3,100 ÌŠC (oxygen), 2,400 ÌŠC (air)
Solder should melt 150 - 250 ÌŠF below the melting points of the metals being joined.
The Flow Point for most solders is 45-85 ÌŠF above their melting points.
Soft solder usually contains high amounts of soft metals like tin and lead. The purpose of soft solder is to bridge a gap. Unlike hard solder, soft soldered joints become brittle with successive heatings. Also a soft soldered joint cannot be filed flush, because the strength of a soft soldered joint comes from the "encasing" of the joint ends by the solder.
Hard solders are made of a high temperature metal such as silver, with a small amount of tin to lower the melting temperature.
Hard solder connects two pieces of metal by expanding into the pores opened by high temperatures.
Generally, hard solder forms a stronger joint than soft solder.
As long as a hard solder joint is protected with borax or yellow ochre, the melting point of the joint metal will rise with each successive heating.
Silver Solder .. Melt Temp .. Flow Temp .. % Silver
Easy-Flo ........... 681 ÌŠC-1270 ÌŠF ......... 1320 ÌŠF ...50%
Easy ............... 711 ÌŠC-1325 ÌŠF ..........1375 ÌŠF ...60%
Medium ............. 747 ÌŠC-1390 ÌŠF ..........1440 ÌŠF ...70%
Hard ............... 773 ÌŠC-1425 ÌŠF ......... 1475 ÌŠF ...76%
Good Info: ajh-knives.com/soldering.html
14k Gold Solders
Easy ........ 1160 ÌŠF
Medium ...... 1410 ÌŠF
Hard ........ 1450 ÌŠF
18k Gold Solders
Easy ........ 1390 ÌŠF
Medium .......1485 ÌŠF
Hard .........1520 ÌŠF
Metals ......... Melting points:
Mercury ..............-38.86ÌŠC ........-37.95ÌŠF
Phosphorus .............. 44ÌŠC ...........111ÌŠF
Sodium ............... 97.83ÌŠC ...........208ÌŠF
Tin .................... 232ÌŠC .........449.4ÌŠF
Cadmium ................ 321ÌŠC .......... 610ÌŠF
Lead ................. 327.5ÌŠC .......... 621ÌŠF
Zinc ................. 419.5ÌŠC .......... 787ÌŠF
Magnesium .............. 650ÌŠC ......... 1200ÌŠF
Aluminum ............... 660ÌŠC ......... 1220ÌŠF
Silver, Coin ........... 879ÌŠC ......... 1615ÌŠF
Sterling S ............. 893ÌŠC ......... 1640ÌŠF
Brass 70/30 ............ 954ÌŠC ......... 1750ÌŠF
Silver ............... 960.5ÌŠC ......... 1761ÌŠF
Gold ...................1063ÌŠC ......... 1945ÌŠF
Copper ................1083 ÌŠC ......... 1981ÌŠF
Iron Gry Cast ....1127-1204 ÌŠC .. 2060 - 2200ÌŠF
Iron Ductile .......... 1149ÌŠC ......... 2100ÌŠF
Monel ................. 1300ÌŠC ......... 2370ÌŠF
Nichrome .............. 1400ÌŠC ......... 2550ÌŠF
Silicon ............... 1411ÌŠC ......... 2572ÌŠF
Steel, Carbon .... 1425-1540ÌŠC .. 2600 - 2800ÌŠF
German S .............. 1450ÌŠC ......... 2642ÌŠF
Nickel ................ 1453ÌŠC ......... 2651ÌŠF
Iron Wrought ..... 1482-1593ÌŠC .. 2700 - 2900ÌŠF
Steel Stainless ........1510ÌŠC ......... 2750ÌŠF
Iron .................. 1539ÌŠC ......... 2802ÌŠF
Palladium ............. 1555ÌŠC ......... 2829ÌŠF
Titanium .............. 1675ÌŠC ......... 3047ÌŠF
Platinum .............. 1773ÌŠC ......... 3224ÌŠF
Chromium .............. 1860ÌŠC ......... 3380ÌŠF
Rhodium ............... 1966ÌŠC ......... 3571ÌŠF
Iridium ............... 2355ÌŠC ......... 4449ÌŠF
Niobium ............... 2468ÌŠC ......... 4474ÌŠF
Ruthenium ............. 2500ÌŠC ......... 4530ÌŠF
Molybdenum ............ 2620ÌŠC ......... 4750ÌŠF
Osmium ................ 3066ÌŠC ......... 5550ÌŠF
Tungsten .............. 3400ÌŠC ......... 6150ÌŠF
Annealing