The Gold Standard
www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fdr-takes-united-states-off-gold-standardGold Standard: - 1933 - FDR takes United States off gold standard
On June 5, 1933, the United States went off the gold standard, a monetary system in which currency is backed by gold, when Congress enacted a joint resolution nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold. The United States had been on a gold standard since 1879, except for an embargo on gold exports during World War I, but bank failures during the Great Depression of the 1930s frightened the public into hoarding gold, making the policy untenable.
Soon after taking office in March 1933, Roosevelt declared a nationwide bank moratorium in order to prevent a run on the banks by consumers lacking confidence in the economy. He also forbade banks to pay out gold or to export it. According to Keynesian economic theory, one of the best ways to fight off an economic downturn is to inflate the money supply. And increasing the amount of gold held by the Federal Reserve would in turn increase its power to inflate the money supply. Facing similar pressures, Britain had dropped the gold standard in 1931, and Roosevelt had taken note.
On April 5, 1933, Roosevelt ordered all gold coins and gold certificates in denominations of more than $100 turned in for other money. It required all persons to deliver all gold coin, gold bullion and gold certificates owned by them to the Federal Reserve by May 1 for the set price of $20.67 per ounce. By May 10, the government had taken in $300 million of gold coin and $470 million of gold certificates. Two months later, a joint resolution of Congress abrogated the gold clauses in many public and private obligations that required the debtor to repay the creditor in gold dollars of the same weight and fineness as those borrowed. In 1934, the government price of gold was increased to $35 per ounce, effectively increasing the gold on the Federal Reserve’s balance sheets by 69 percent. This increase in assets allowed the Federal Reserve to further inflate the money supply.
The government held the $35 per ounce price until August 15, 1971, when President Richard Nixon announced that the United States would no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, thus completely abandoning the gold standard. In 1974, President Gerald Ford signed legislation that permitted Americans again to own gold bullion.
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www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-history-of-the-gold-standard-3306136gold standard
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By Kimberly Amadeo
Updated January 09, 2019
Gold has been used as the currency of choice throughout history. The earliest known use was in 643 B.C. in Lydia. Lydia is present-day Turkey. Gold was part of a naturally occurring compound known as electrum, which the Lydians used to make coins. By 560 B.C., the Lydians had figured out how to separate the gold from the silver, and so created the first truly gold coin. The first king to use gold for coins was named Croesus. His name lives on in the phrase "rich as Croesus."
In those days, the value of the coin was based solely on the value of the metal within. The country with the most gold had the most wealth. So, Spain, Portugal, and England sent Columbus and other explorers to the New World. They needed more gold so they could be wealthier than each other.
Introduction of the Gold Standard
When gold was found at Sutter's Ranch in 1848, it inspired the Gold Rush to California. That helped unify western America. In 1861, Treasury Secretary Salmon Chase printed the first U.S. paper currency. The Gold Standard Act established gold as the only metal for redeeming paper currency. It set the value of gold at $20.67 an ounce .
By the mid-1800s, most countries wanted to standardize transactions in the booming world trade market. They adopted the gold standard. It guaranteed that the government would redeem any amount of paper money for its value in gold. That meant transactions no longer had to be done with heavy gold bullion or coins. It also increased the trust needed for successful global trade. Paper currency now had guaranteed value tied to something real. Unfortunately, gold prices and currency values dropped every time miners found large new gold deposits.
In 1913, Congress created the Federal Reserve to stabilize gold and currency values. Before it could get up and running, World War I broke out. European countries suspended the gold standard so they could print enough money to pay for their military involvement. Unfortunately, printing money created hyperinflation. After the war, countries realized the value of tying their currency to a guaranteed value in gold. For that reason, most countries returned to a modified gold standard. Below you can see a timeline of key events from the beginning to the end of the gold standard in the United States.
Gold Standard in the United States
Date Event
1834 The U.S. switches from a bimetallic gold and silver standard to gold, fixing the price of the precious metal at $20.67 per ounce until 1933.
1900 The Gold Standard Act establishes gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money.
1913 Congress creates Federal Reserve. European countries suspend gold standard during WWI, but return to modified gold standard.
1929 People hoarding gold during the Great Depression. Federal Reserve raises interest rates, worsening the Great Depression, and causing companies to go bankrupt.
1933 Run on gold reserves causes President Roosevelt to close banks. Banks reopen after relinquishing all gold to Federal Reserve. Roosevelt orders Americans to turn gold in for dollars, which creates gold reserves at Fort Knox.
1934 The Gold Reserve Act prohibits private ownership of gold. Roosevelt increases the price of gold for the first time in 100 years.
1939 The Depression ends, and countries return to a modified gold standard.
1944 The Bretton Woods Agreement sets the exchange value for all currencies in terms of gold. Because U.S. holds most of the world's gold, countries peg the value of their currency to U.S. dollar, not gold.
1970 The U.S. no longer holds sufficient gold to cover foreign dollar holdings.
How the Gold Standard Made the Great Depression Worse
Once the Great Depression hit with full force, countries once again had to abandon the gold standard. When the stock market crashed in 1929, investors began trading in currencies and commodities. As the price of gold rose, people exchanged their dollars for gold. It worsened when banks began failing. People began hoarding gold because they didn't trust any financial institution.
The Federal Reserve kept raising interest rates. It was trying to make dollars more valuable and dissuade people from further depleting the U.S. gold reserves. These higher rates worsened the Depression by making the cost of doing business more expensive. Many companies went bankrupt, creating record levels of unemployment.
On March 3, 1933, the newly-elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the banks. He was responding to a run on the gold reserves at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. By the time banks re-opened on March 13, they had turned in all their gold to the Federal Reserve. They could no longer redeem dollars for gold. Furthermore, no one could export gold.
On April 5, FDR ordered Americans to turn in their gold in exchange for dollars. He did this to prohibit hoarding of gold and the redemption of gold by other countries. This created the gold reserves at Fort Knox. The United States soon held the world's largest supply of gold.
On January 30, 1934, the Gold Reserve Act prohibited private ownership of gold except under license. It allowed the government to pay its debts in dollars, not gold. It authorized FDR to devalue the gold dollar by 40 percent. He did this by increasing the price of gold, which had been $20.67 per ounce for 100 years, to $35 per ounce. The government's gold reserves increased in value from $4.033 billion to $7.348 billion. This effectively devalued the dollar by 60 percent.
The Depression ended in 1939. That allowed countries to go back on a modified gold standard.
The 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement set the exchange value for all currencies in terms of gold. It obligated member countries to convert foreign official holdings of their currencies into gold at these par values. Gold was set at $35 per ounce. Track the price of gold from 30 B.C. to the present through the gold price history.
The United States held most of the world's gold. As a result, most countries simply pegged the value of their currency to the dollar instead of to gold. Central banks maintained fixed exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar. They did this by buying their own country's currency in foreign exchange markets if their currency became too low relative to the dollar. If it became too high, they'd print more of their currency and sell it. It became more convenient for countries to trade when they peg to the dollar.
As a result, most countries no longer needed to exchange their currency for gold. The dollar had replaced it. As a result, the value of the dollar increased even though its worth in gold remained the same. This made the U.S. dollar the de facto world currency.
End of the Gold Standard
In 1960, the United States held $19.4 billion in gold reserves, including $1.6 billion in the International Monetary Fund. That was enough to cover the $18.7 billion in foreign dollars outstanding.
But as the U.S. economy prospered, Americans bought more imported goods, paying in dollars. This large balance of payments deficit worried foreign governments that the United States would no longer back up the dollar in gold.
Also, the Soviet Union had become a large oil producer. It was accumulating U.S. dollars in its foreign reserves since oil is priced in dollars. It was afraid that the United States would seize its bank accounts as a tactic in the Cold War. So, the Soviet Union deposited its dollar reserves in European banks. These became known as eurodollars.
By 1970, the United States only held $14.5 billion in gold against foreign dollar holdings of $45.7 billion. At the same time, President Nixon's economic policies had created stagflation. This double-digit inflation reduced the eurodollar's value. More and more banks started redeeming their holdings for gold. The United States could no longer meet this growing obligation.
The gold standard ended on August 15, 1971. That's when Nixon changed the dollar/gold relationship to $38 per ounce. He no longer allowed the Fed to redeem dollars with gold. That made the gold standard meaningless. The U.S. government repriced gold to $42 per ounce in 1973 and then decoupled the value of the dollar from gold altogether in 1976. The price of gold quickly shot up to $120 per ounce in the free market.
Once the gold standard was dropped, countries began printing more of their own currency. Inflation resulted. But for the most part, abandoning the gold standard created more economic growth.
Gold, though, has never lost its appeal as an asset of real value. Whenever a recession or inflation looms, investors return to gold as a safe haven. It reached its record high of $1,895 an ounce on September 5, 2011.
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