Pre-Phoenix

[mohs]

Dec 31, 2022 23:07:14 GMT -5 RickB said:

Life of the Gila: Hohokam Worlds

www.archaeologysouthwest.org/2020/02/27/life-of-the-gila-hohokam-worlds/



1dave mohs

mostly


Yo RickB Rick

That post was not only timely
Butte really cool also !


I was out by the WalBoy bench .
Just biding my time on pleasant
New Year Eve in
Sacred HoHo Land!

Reading that interesting article

Wondering what those Hohokam spirits
would be thinking ?

It was meaningful purposeful moment
Best that can be hoped for in these rimes.

[mohs]

Charging into 2023!



All the best from the Phoenix Zoo & EdMohs

[1dave]

Thanks RickB for tugging me this direction. It led me to:

digitalcollections.trentu.ca/islandora/object/etd%3A349/datastream/PDF/view

The Cities of Gold history informed us that Copper Bells were maid by Cebolan enemies and lead to the death of Esteban.

Page 21-
The 1970s was also a time of growing awareness amongst Southwest
archaeologists that smaller culture regions could not exist in total isolation and that the
implications of interaction between smaller regional systems had to be considered
(Hegmon et al. 2000:2; Neitzel 2000:26). Regional systems are composed of a number of
geographically separated, socially organized communities which interacted with each
other and were unified through various political or non-political systems (Hegmon et al.
2000:2–3; Neitzel 2000:26; Schaafsma and Riley 1999a:237; Struever 1972). Such
models therefore make it possible to examine reasonably large areas, the cultural centres
at the heart of these systems, and compare these systems to what is seen on a larger
interregional spectrum. The Hohokam, Chacoan, and Casas Grandes cultures all
demonstrate evidence of Mesoamerican interaction and came to be seen as regional
systems as is discussed here (Doyle 1991; Hegmon et al. 2000; LeBlanc 1986:107;
Neitzel 2000; B. Nelson 2006; Whalen and Minnis 1999).
The Ancestral Pueblo World
Ancestral Pueblo sites are found throughout the Colorado Plateaus and the Rio
Grande Valley, in New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado. From the Pueblo II Period
(ca. A.D. 900) onwards, multi-room settlements with complex masonry structures,
22
ceremonial structures called kivas, and white-slipped pottery became the markers for the
ephemeral boundaries for this cultural tradition (Cordell and McBrinn 2012:38). Despite
it being the Southwestern culture geographically the furthest from Mesoamerica, the
Ancestral Pueblo, sometimes referred to as Anasazi, was initially regarded by some (Di
Peso 1974) to have been subjected to the most direct Mesoamerican influence outside of
Casas Grandes. As mentioned before, the sites of Chaco Canyon were once regarded as
having been pochteca outposts that served as a gateway for Mesoamerican culture and
political influence to spread in the Southwest, a theory which has since been refuted
(McGuire 1980; B. Nelson 2006).
Nevertheless, Ancestral Pueblo sites reveal a lot of material culture thought to
have come from Mesoamerica, especially in Chaco Canyon. Various luxury goods and
social valuables, many of which would have come from Mesoamerica, were found in
these sites during the cultural florescence of the Chaco regional system ca. A.D. 900-
1150 (Cordell and McBrinn 2012:188). These objects include turquoise and marine shell
artifacts, macaw feathers, Mesoamerican-style ceramics, and of course copper bells, but
also colonnades and road systems as well (Mathien 2001; McGuire 1980; McKusick
2001; B. Nelson 2006). While the ceramics, colonnades, and road systems have since
been attributed to local cultural development rather than the importation of ideas (B.
Nelson 2006), macaws, copper bells, and marine shells quite clearly came from Mexico.
After the collapse of the Chaco system in the mid-12th century A.D., Ancestral
Pueblo populations migrated out of the San Juan Basin, but continued to grow and
aggregate in other centres in Colorado and Arizona (Cordell and McBrinn 2012:74). The
fusion of Ancestral Pueblo and Mogollon cultural traits documented at Pueblos in the
23
Kayenta region of Arizona are thought to have been at least in part an adaptation to the
various waves of ideology and religious movements which had made their way north
from Mesoamerica (Adams and Lamotta 2006; McGuire 2011). Similarly, the Ancestral
Pueblos are thought to have invoked imagery related to the Mesoamerican Flower World
on some of their pottery (Hays-Gilpin and Hill 1999).
The presence of Mesoamerican material culture in the Ancestral Pueblo world
post-Chaco is perhaps not as well documented. While the spread of intangibles such as
ideology or religious concepts may be more difficult to observe compared to the presence
of tangibles like copper bells or marine shells, it does demonstrate that interaction
between the Ancestral Pueblo and Mesoamerica was still occurring, if less intensive. For
the purpose of this thesis, it should be noted that copper bell quantities in the Ancestral
Pueblo world dropped almost 35% after the collapse of Chaco. The presence of copper
bells in this cultural region will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 4.
The Hohokam Regional System
The extent of the Hohokam regional system in Arizona and Northern Mexico is
demonstrated by the presence of either red-on-buff ceramic vessels, platform mounds,
canal irrigation, or ballcourts which, as mentioned before, were likely influenced by
similar Mesoamerican structures to the south (Cordell and McBrinn 2012:205; Crown
1991; Doyle 1991; LeBlanc 1986:118; Neitzel 2000:29). It is assumed that ballcourts
bore both ceremonial and sociopolitical significance, and their presence indicated the
extent of a ceremonial tradition, while the presence of red-on-buff ceramics indicate the
site’s participation in an economic system. (Crown 1991; Neitzel 2000:30). Some
archaeologists have argued that sites in the Phoenix and Tucson Basins acted as cores
24
which interacted with outlier sites elsewhere (Doyle 1991; Plog 2008; Vargas 1995), but
this too has been debated (McGuire et al. 1994).
Due to the presence of blatantly Mesoamerican-inspired architecture, such as
ballcourts and platform mounds, artifacts like shell and pyrite mirrors, and the earliest
evidence for maize agriculture in the Southwest, the Hohokam area is regarded by many
to demonstrate the strongest connection to Mesoamerica (McGuire and Villalpando C.
2007:59; Meighan 1999). This could be based on the close proximity between the two
regions, and the fact that the west coastal plain along the Sierra Madre in Mexico would
have facilitated the easiest movement of populations and goods northward (Meighan
1999:207–208).

During the Classic Hohokam Period (ca. A.D. 1150-A.D. 1450), Hohokam
society became more hierarchically organized, as indicated by the construction of
platform mounds, while the quantity of Mesoamerican artifacts grew in quantity
throughout the area. Richard Nelson (1986) suggests a change in the use of
Mesoamerican artifacts based on the artifacts being found in more accessible contexts
during this period than before, where they were often found in burials. Vargas (1995,
2001), as mentioned before, states that the copper bells which once flowed through the
Hohokam region were now being hoarded at sites to the South around Casas Grandes.
Quite clearly, the interaction system between these areas could vary temporally, and both
on a small and large geographic scale (Crown 1991; McGuire et al. 1994).

The Casas Grandes Regional System

[1dave]

28
SOUTHWESTERN COPPER BELLS
As mentioned earlier, copper bells were one type of artifact exported from
Mesoamerica and found in the Southwest (Nelson 2006; Vargas 1995, 2001, 2012), and
are the focus of discussion of this thesis. Thousands of these artifacts have been found
throughout the Americas, reaching as far south as the Maya lowlands in the Yucatan
peninsula (Vargas 1995:21). As will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 4, 672
copper bells have been found at 113 sites throughout the Greater Southwest, in the
Hohokam, Ancestral Pueblo, Mogollon, Casas Grandes, and other cultural areas. The
details of these artifacts can be reviewed in Appendix A.
Physical Characteristics of Copper Bells
Copper bells, or “crotals”, as they are sometimes referred to, vary considerably in
shape and size (Figures 2.2 and 2.3) (Vargas 1995). These bells appear to have been
made using the cire perdue or lost-wax-casting method, with either a small round stone or
copper clapper placed inside the artifact (Figure 2.4) (Pendergast 1962; Vargas 1995;
Hosler 1988). The artifacts could be made of pure copper with some trace elements, or of
copper alloys (Hosler 2009). The use of alloys in the manufacture of copper bells allowed
for the manufacture of some of the artifacts with more ornate designs or with thinner
walls, which would have affected the sound which the bell produced (Hosler 2009:197).
As mentioned before, there is considerable variability in the appearance of copper
bells. Some can be symmetrical, smooth, and globular (Figure 2.3), while others are pear-
shaped with raised platforms with designs at the top of the bell (Figure 2.5). Some bells
appear to represent deities or animals. The smallest copper bells are not much larger than
a finger nail, while the larger ones will not fit in the palm of one’s hand (Figure 2.5). In

[1dave]

The Spanish "Seven Cities OF Gold" Story



Told of a people who built stone cities in their claimed area.


They were agricultural farmers, herdsmen, and warriors using arrows, spears, and shields of cowhide (buffalo).

Their Preferred Treasure = Turquoise.

Around 900 AD traders began arriving from the southeast. Naturally Conflict arose.





Battling the Aztecs(?) Along came the Spaniards, but then arrived the Ultimate Enemy. The damned Salt River broke loose sending an all destroying flood downstream that wiped them out and the Cibola people became the Hohokam.

By the way, I resent that archaeologists would chose to call them by that rather than their original name. It messes up the story!

[1dave]

Culture Area

Ancestral Puebloen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans
The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the Anasazi, were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado.[1] They are believed to have developed, at least in part, from the Oshara tradition, which developed from the Picosa culture. The people and their archaeological culture are often referred to as Anasazi, meaning "ancient enemies", as they were called by Navajo. Contemporary Puebloans object to the use of this term, with some viewing it as derogatory.[2][3]

The Ancestral Puebloans lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses, larger structures to house clans, grand pueblos, and cliff-sited dwellings for defense. They had a complex network linking hundreds of communities and population centers across the Colorado Plateau. They held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that found form in their architecture. The kiva, a congregational space that was used mostly for ceremonies, was an integral part of the community structure.

Archaeologists continue to debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current agreement, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence around the 12th century BC, during the archaeologically designated Early Basketmaker II Era. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers identified Ancestral Puebloans as the forerunners of contemporary Pueblo peoples.[1][3] Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos: Mesa Verde National Park, Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo.


Hohokamen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam
Hohokam (/hoʊhoʊˈkɑːm/) was a culture in the North American Southwest in what is now part of Arizona, United States, and Sonora, Mexico. It existed between 300 and 1500 AD, with cultural precursors possibly as early as 300 BC.[1] Archaeologists disagree about whether communities that practiced the culture were related or politically united. According to local oral tradition, Hohokam societies may be the ancestors of the historic Pima and Tohono O'odham peoples in Southern Arizona.[2]

The origin of the culture is debated. Most archaeologists either argue it emerged locally or in Mesoamerica, but it was also influenced by the Northern Pueblo culture. Hohokam settlements were located on trade routes that extended past the Hohokam area, as far east as the Great Plains and west to the Pacific coast.[3] Hohokam societies received a remarkable amount of immigration. Some communities established significant markets, such as that in Snaketown. The harshness of the Sonoran Desert may have been the most influential factor on the society. Despite cultural exchange at trade centers, self-sufficiency and local resources were emphasized.[4]

In modern-day Phoenix, the Hohokam are recognized for their large-scale irrigation networks. Their canal network in the Phoenix metropolitan area was the most complex in the pre-contact Western Hemisphere. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the Salt River Project and helps to supply the city's water. The original canals were dirt ditches and required routine maintenance; those currently in use are lined with concrete. When Hohokam society collapsed, the dirt canals fell into disrepair. European-American settlers later infilled some canals, while others renovated, as with the Mormon pioneers settling the Lehi area of Mesa near Red Mountain.

According to the National Park Service, the word Hohokam is borrowed from the O'odham language, and is used by archaeologists to identify groups of people who lived in the Sonoran Desert. Other archaeologists prefer to identify ancient Arizona as part of the Oasisamerica tradition and instead call Hohokam the Oasisamericans. Nevertheless, Hohokam are one of the four major cultures of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico, according to Southwestern archaeology.

There are several official spelling variants for the name, including Hobokam, Huhugam, and Huhukam. The spellings are commonly thought to be interchangeable, but they have different meanings. In the 1930s, archaeologist Harold S. Gladwin differentiated Hohokam culture from others in the region. He applied the existing O'odham term for the culture, huhu-kam, in its common mistranslation as "all used up"[5] or "those who are gone",[6] to classify the remains that he was excavating in the Lower Gila Valley. Similarly, in the 1970s, archaeologist Hardy translated the O'odham word huhugam to mean "that which has perished." However, huhugam refers to past human life and not to objects such as ruins. Therefore, the archaeological term Hohokam should not be confused with huhugam, the reverence of ancestors and descendants.[7][8]

Mogollon en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogollon_culture
Mogollon culture (/ˌmoʊɡəˈjoʊn/)[1] is an archaeological culture of Native American peoples from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, Northern Sonora and Chihuahua, and Western Texas. The northern part of this region is Oasisamerica,[2][3][4] while the southern span of the Mogollon culture is known as Aridoamerica.[5]

The Mogollon culture is one of the major prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions of the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico.[6] The culture flourished from the archaic period, c. 200 CE, to either 1450[7] or 1540 CE, when the Spanish arrived.[6]

Sinagua en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagua
The Sinagua were a pre-Columbian culture that occupied a large area in central Arizona from the Little Colorado River, near Flagstaff, to the Verde River, near Sedona, including the Verde Valley, area around San Francisco Mountain, and significant portions of the Mogollon Rim country,[1][2] between approximately 500 and 1425 CE.

Since fully developed Sinagua sites emerged in central Arizona around 650 CE, it is believed they migrated from east-central Arizona, possibly emerging from the Mogollon culture.[3]

[HankRocks]

Dang, 1dave, way to hit the New Year running!!!!

It appears that school is back in session!!!!

[mohs]

might have cropped that picture to much
to show it uniqueness



w/ pink flaminggohs

[mohs]

Who were the Salado ?



Not sure
Butte they were excellent craftsman



These pictures were take Besh Ba Gohen
in Glove Az. The site produced many artifacts



Sure they did lots of trading w/ the Huhugam